Chemistry and Biochemistry

An international research team has discovered traces of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere about 50 million years before expected. The results came as a surprise to the scientific community. --by Diane Boudreau

ASU undergraduate Bryan Rolfe conducts research on isotope effects on environmental systems using mass spectrometry. He credits his father for his science-oriented mind, and a high school teacher for winning him over to the world of chemistry. --by Debra Fossum

Plants need sunlight to produce energy, but too much light can injure or kill them. Plants use a sophisticated process to defend against this damage. ASU scientists designed a molecule that mimics this process in order to understand adaptive self-regulation, a critical feature for advancing nanotechnology. --by Skip Derra

One day soon a biosensing nanodevice may eliminate long lines at airport security checkpoints and revolutionize health screenings for diseases like anthrax, cancer and antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Even more incredible than the device itself, is that it is based on the world's tiniest rotary motor: a biological engine measured on the order of molecules. --by Margaret Coulombe (Read the full text in SOLS News)

Scientists have long known that most compounds in living things exist in mirror-image forms. The two forms are like hands; one is a mirror reflection of the other. But amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, are all "left-handed," while the sugars of DNA and RNA are "right-handed." ASU scientists have found new evidence that extraterrestrial amino acids, found in meteorites, are also largely left-handed. Their work suggests that precursor molecules, the aldehydes, also carried an excess of left-handedness. --by Jenny Green

The "glassy state" is a sub-state of matter–glassy water and ice, for example, are chemically identical and are both solid, but have a different structure. Put another way, ice is crystalline, whereas glass is, well, chunky. Scientists know a lot about glasses that form from ordinary silicates, sugars and metals. But when water makes the transition to its glassy state, it behaves very oddly. ASU chemist C. Austen Angell has found a vital clue that helps explain water's bizarre behavior at the glass transition and gained important insights into phases of liquid water, as well. --by Nicholas Gerbis

Scientists at ASU have developed the world's first gene detection platform made up entirely from self-assembled DNA nanostructures. The structures are made using "DNA origami" techniques to create spatially addressable nanoarrays. The work could have broad implications for gene chip technology and may also revolutionize the way in which gene expression is analyzed in a single cell. --by Joe Caspermeyer

New research from the Deep Time Drilling Project indicates that traces of oxygen appeared in Earth's atmosphere earlier than previously thought. The discovery places the traces at 50 to 100 million years before the "Great Oxidation Event." --by Carol Hughes

Nature, through the trial and error of evolution, has discovered a vast diversity of life from what we can only presume to have been a primordial pool of building blocks. Inspired by this success, a new Biodesign Institute research team, led by John Chaput, is now trying to mimic the process of Darwinian evolution in the laboratory by evolving new proteins from scratch. --by Joe Caspermeyer

Frustrated by frequently losing battery power in your laptop computer, digital camera, or portable music player? Take heart. A better source of "juice" is in the works. --by Joe Caspermeyer